Total Ginsenoside
Total Ginsenoside
CAS: 90045-38-8
Molecular Formula: C15H24N2O
Total Ginsenoside - Names and Identifiers
Total Ginsenoside - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C15H24N2O |
| Molar Mass | 248.37 |
| Appearance | Powder |
| Storage Condition | Room Temprature |
| Sensitive | Easily absorbing moisture |
Total Ginsenoside - Risk and Safety
| HS Code | 2938900000 |
Total Ginsenoside - Reference
| Reference Show more | 1. Liu Fei Xiang Lin Zi Xuan Zhang Huai Liang, et al. Study on anti-fatigue mechanism and potential targets of Panax Ginseng [J]. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2019(24). 2. Luhan, Qiu Zhidong, Wang Lei, etc. Study on the repair mechanism of total saponins of Panax ginseng on skin cells [J]. Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 040(004):518-521. 3. [IF = 5.923] Xiaoxuan Yu et al. the Life of C. the Stress Response Signaling Pathway."Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan;22(18):9668 4. [IF = 5.487] Zehong Yang et al." Ginsenosides Rc, as a novel SIRT6 activator, protects mice against high fat diet induced NAFLD."J Ginseng Res. 2020 Aug;: 5. [IF=5.455] Qin Zifei et al."Multiple circulating alkaloids and saponins from intravenous Kang-Ai injection inhibit human cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes: potential drug-drug interactions."Chin Med-Uk. 2020 Dec;15(1):1-18 6. [IF=6.06] Qingxia Huang et al."Major ginsenosides from Panax ginseng promote aerobic cellular respiration and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons."J Ginseng Res. 2022 Feb;: 7. [IF=7.561] Zhang Kehui et al."Ginsenosides Regulates Innate Immunity to Affect Immune Microenvironment of AIH Through Hippo-YAP/TAZ Signaling Pathway."Front Immunol. 2022 Feb;0:394 |
Total Ginsenoside - Reference Information
| Plant Source: | ginseng |
| plant extract | ginseng extract is a product made from the dried root of Panax ginseng Panax ginsen, with ginsenoside as the main active ingredient, also contains many components needed by the human body, such as sugars, proteins, amino acids, vitamins and a variety of trace elements. With anti-cancer, anti-tumor, improve the digestive system to promote metabolism, improve the body's immunity and other effects. It can also promote blood circulation, enhance skin elasticity, prevent skin aging, dry crack, dry hard, so that the skin can be regenerated, and the effect of delaying skin cell aging. |
| source plant | [base source] is the root of the Araliaceae plant Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. [Alias] human head, Earth Essence, ghost cover, shencao, blood ginseng, Dijing, a hundred-foot pestle, sea crab. [Plant morphology] plant height of about 60cm. The main root is hypertrophic, succulent, cylindrical (commonly known as ginseng); The upper end is densely textured; The lower part is multi-meristem and lateral root; The fibrous root is slender, with most warts on it, commonly known as Pearl nodule; The rhizome is commonly known as rhizome rhizome; the morphology was diverse, mostly horse tooth shape, commonly known as horse tooth, a small number of bamboo shape, commonly known as bamboo, or cylindrical, commonly known as round, overwintering buds, commonly known as fetal cells; Lateral adventitious roots, commonly known as the door; Rhizome on the annual residual stem marks, commonly known as the number of more, the greater the age of ginseng. Stem upright, cylindrical, mostly purple, rarely green or purple-green. Stem tip of impeller, palmately compound leaf; Annual stem with 1 compound leaf of 3 leaflets; Biennial stem with 1 or 2 compound leaves of 5 leaflets, three-year-old stems with 2-3 compound leaves, four-to five-year-old stems usually with 4-5 compound leaves, up to 6 compound leaves. The relationship between ginseng age and leaf number varied with different growth conditions. Leaflets suboidal, 4-17cm in length, margin serrated, superior veins, sparse bristle, smooth below. UMBEL single terminal, total pedicel extracted from stem end, 30cm in length; Flowers small, 2-3mm in diameter; Calyx green, 5-lobed; Petals 5 pieces, yellowish green; stamen 5; Pistil 1, Ovary inferior, 2 chambers; Disk annular. Fruit flat kidney-shaped, serous Stone, green at first, bright red at maturity, few yellow or orange-yellow, 2 seeds (solid stone) in each fruit, kidney-shaped, yellow-white or gray-white, thousand grain weight varies according to cultivation conditions and ginseng age, generally 25~35 grams, usually three years of flowering and fruiting, flowering 6 months, fruit 7 months to 8 months. 4~5 years of life for the appropriate period of seed collection, the general results of each plant 40~70; Seeds 60~90. Figure 1 ginseng |
| Main ingredients | ginsenoside is the main active ingredient of ginseng extract, which also contains many components needed by the human body, such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, vitamins and a variety of trace elements. |
| pharmacognostic resources | there are 3 varieties and 8 species of Panax, 2 species are distributed in North America, the other 6 species and 3 varieties are distributed in Central Asia. China in addition to the three leaf ginseng (distributed in North America), other species and varieties are. The geographical distribution of Panax species in eastern Asia, from 85 ° east of Nepal to 140 ° east of Japan, from 22 ° North latitude in Mount Tokyo in northern Vietnam to 48 ° east of Siberian, the two Ginseng species in the eastern North American state are distributed between 70 ° ~ 97 ° in the West and 34 ° ~ 47 ° in the north latitude, and the vertical distribution range of Panax is 100 ~ 6000m, the distribution of ginseng in China is 220 ~ 1100m, Korea is 100 ~ 500m, Japan is 200 ~ 800m, the former Soviet Union is 200 ~ 900m. Other kinds are at an altitude of 1200 ~ 6000m, with 1800 ~ 4000m in the forest between the most. Panax ginseng O. A. Mey is distributed in northeast China, North Korea and the far east of the former Soviet Union. China's wild ginseng (ginseng) distributed in the eastern part of the northeastern region of the mountain area, that is, the Changbai Mountains and the southeast of xiaoxing'an mountains. It is mainly produced in Fusong, Huadian, Ji'an, Changbai, Jiaohe, Linjiang, Antu, Jingyu and Dunhua in Jilin province; Tiili, Muleng, Hulin and Ning'an in Heilongjiang province; Huanren, Benxi, Xinbin and Kuandian in Liaoning province. Cultivated ginseng in China is distributed from the southeast to the northeast of Northeast China. The cultivation belt is from south to Liaoning, Xiaoyan, Fengcheng, north to Heilongjiang Yichun area. It is mainly produced in Fusong, Ji'an, Jingyu and Changbai counties of Jilin province. It is known as "ginseng home. In addition, Hunan, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Guizhou and other places are also introduced. In eastern North America is mainly distributed in American ginseng, American ginseng distribution area from eastern Canada in Quebec west to the central mambatoba, and then south to the United States of Florida, Ha la Bama and Oklahoma. American ginseng has been successfully introduced in many areas of China in the 70s. At present, the natural distribution area of ginseng population has been reduced by more than 95%; The medicinal ginseng is mainly cultivated garden ginseng, and Jilin is the main producing area, accounting for 70% of the country, Output accounted for more than 80% of the country's total output. |
| Chemical composition | 1. Ginsenosides have been isolated from more than 22 kinds of Ginsenosides, according to the aglycone can be divided into three categories: 20s-protopanaxadiol (mother core Dammarane): ginsenoside Ra1, Ra2, rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, in addition, there are acetyl ginsenoside (Acetyl-ginsenosides) Rb1, Rb2, Rc, malonyl ginsenoside (Malonyl-ginsenosides) Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd. 20s-primary ginseng triols (mother nucleus is Dammarane): ginsenoside Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, rh1. Oleanolic acids (mother nucleus is five ring triterpene Oleanolic alkane): ginsenoside R0. 2. The contents of volatile oil in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of ginseng from Liaoning province were about 0.12%, 0.13% and 0.29%, respectively. The oil was identified to contain α-guaiene, β-patchoulene, trans-syringene (trans-saryophyllene), humulene, β-, v-elemene (β-, β-elemene), eremophile Ene, β-farnesene (β-famesene), β-gurjunene and 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (2, 1), heptadecanol-1 (l-heptadecanol). There are also pyrazine aroma compounds and polyacetylene alcohols, including: More than ten kinds of panaxynol, panaxynodiol, panaxynotriol and so on. 3. Sugars ginseng polysaccharides M, N, O, P, glucose, fructose and other monosaccharides, sucrose, maltose and Other disaccharides, glucose-fructose-fructose, glucose-glucose-glucose, trimeric sugars such as glucose-glucose-fructose. 4. Organic acids fumaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, etc. 5. Peptides and amino acids contain a variety of peptides, including FGP (I) 32 peptide, FGP (II) 30 peptide, FGP (III) 29 peptide, FGP (IV) 23 peptide, FGP (v) 12 peptide and the like; Amino acids include arginine, threonine, β-aminobutyric acid, β-aminoisobutyric acid and the like. 6. Alkaloids adenosine, 6-ketopyridinoic acid, n9-formylhalmanium, choline, putrescine, spermidine, crude amines and other polyamines. 7. Other types of red ginseng contain lignans, namely, high density A, B; Ginseng stems and leaves contain three leaf bean glycosides, ginseng flavone glycosides, kaempferol and other flavonoids; B vitamins, vitamin C, pectin, Β-sitosterol and its glucoside, manganese, arsenic, etc. Figure 2 is the structural formula |
| preparation method | the raw medicinal materials were pulverized and extracted with 60%-70% ethanol, extract the liquid extract concentrated under reduced pressure to about 15 wave (heat test), and spray dry the extract to obtain a dry powder. The ginsenoside content of the product obtained by this process is about 10% (HPLC), and the yield is 26% ~ 28%. This process is suitable for the production of 10% (HPLC) and 24% (UV) ginseng extract. |
| pharmacological action | 1. Effects on nervous system the mixture of ginsenoside Rc and Rg has inhibitory, stable and analgesic effects on the central nervous system of mice, as well as central muscle relaxation, cooling and reducing spontaneous activity. Ginseng water extract against cocaine-induced excessive activity and convulsions in mice, but also against strychnine, pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions, and reduce the Mortality Rate caused by convulsions. The mixture of ginsenoside Rg1, Rg2 and Rg3 showed Excitatory effect on the central nervous system, while large doses showed inhibitory effect. 2. Adapt to the original effect of ginseng fluid extract in rats during 2 hours of swimming, can lead to glycogen and high energy phosphate compounds more economical use, enhance the metabolism of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, through aerobic oxidation, provide timely energy for muscle activity. Intraperitoneal injection of ginsenoside S (panaxoside S) 5 mg/kg can prevent the decrease of ATP, glycogen and phosphate creatinine in muscle, and reduce the storage of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within 2 hours after swimming. Ginseng infusion on mice inoculated with Trypanosoma, can delay the emergence of Trypanosoma in the blood time, prolong the survival time of mice, and can prevent the rabbit intravenous injection of vaccine Fever reaction. The local application and intragastric administration of ginseng extract can accelerate the healing of experimental corneal ulcer in rabbits. 3. The role of the circulatory system of ginsenosides on anesthetized animals showed a slight and short-term blood pressure; Ginseng water extract has a similar effect of cardiac glycosides; Ginsenoside 25 mg/kg intravenous injection, can reduce the blood pressure, slow heart rate and reduce the maximum left ventricular contraction rate; Total ginsenoside and component Rb + R. In vitro test, the concentration of 83 μg/ml can significantly protect rat myocardial cells from hypoxia-reoxygenation and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, can significantly protect rat myocardial cells hypoxia reoxygenation and myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, protect brain tissue creatine phosphokinase and superoxide dismutase activity, inhibit the formation of brain edema, reduce the production of lipid peroxide malondialdehyde, promotes the release of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the brain, Inhibition of thromboxane synthesis. 4. Effects on the endocrine system of the pituitary adrenal cortex: intraperitoneal injection of ginsenoside 20 mg/kg, can cause the increase of plasma corticosterone, and increase the content of adrenal cAMP, no effect on pituitary rats. Antidiuretic Effect: 20% ethanol extract of ginseng root and its stem and leaf, 0.5~10 g/kg oral, has antidiuretic effect on rats, and has no antidiuretic effect on adrenal gland rats. Effect on gonads: the methanol extract of ginseng fed mice, can prolong the estrus, but the removal of the ovary of mice, ginseng can not make the emergence of estrus, also can not prevent castrated male mice seminal vesicle and prostate atrophy. 5. Effects on metabolism: Ginseng 50% alcohol extract has hypoglycemic effect on alloxan-induced early diabetes in rats; Ginsenoside has preventive effect on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice; ginseng Root polysaccharide has hypoglycemic effect on normal mice; Ginsenoside Rb2 has hypoglycemic effect on rats, so that glycogen is also reduced, it has inhibitory effect on hyperglycemia induced by adenosine, alloxan and glucose. For nucleic acid and protein metabolism: ginseng extract can promote the incorporation rate of labeled Whey liquid in rat liver cell RNA, promote the synthesis of serum protein and globulin, and enhance the activity of rat liver RNA polymerase. On fat metabolism: ginseng extract can increase the rat liver fat 14c-acetate incorporation rate, increase the rat epididymal fat tissue marker precursor incorporation rate, but the serum triglyceride is slightly decreased, the incorporation rate of 14c-acetic acid in the liver of fat-free fed rats was significantly increased, but there was no significant difference in liver fat content between the control group and the control group, indicating that the fat metabolism was obviously excited. Ginsenosides can promote rat and liver uptake instead of dense lipoprotein (LDL), lower blood LDL levels. 6. Effects on blood and hematopoietic system the content of erythropoietin in rabbit bone marrow, liver and spleen can be increased by injection of alcohol or water extract of ginseng into rabbit; ginsenoside can enhance the killing effect of cytarabine and three Taxotere on colony forming units (CFU-S) and granulocyte-oriented stem cells in bone marrow of mice; ginseng decoction can increase 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of whole blood, red blood cells and hemoglobin of rats in hypoxia group and non-hypoxia group; Some saponins have hemolytic effect. 7. Anti-inflammatory immune ginseng alcohol and linoleic acid on the zygote granulation inhibition, the cotton ball also showed significant anti-inflammatory effect. Ginseng Extract, ginsenoside, ginseng polysaccharide on rats, guinea pigs were to accelerate the clearance rate of carbon particles, enhance phagocytic function. 8. Anti-tumor 20 (R)-ginsenoside can obviously inhibit the growth of all human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 tumor cells, promote the redifferentiation of cancer cells and reverse to non-cancer cells; ginseng volatile oil 5.5 and 11 μg/ml had inhibitory effect on the growth of SGC-823 gastric cancer cells in vitro. |
| analytical method | TLC identification method preparation of test solution: Take 1g of ginseng powder or an appropriate amount of ginseng extract, add 40ml of chloroform, put it on a water bath and heat it for reflux for 1H, discard the chloroform solution, evaporate the residue to dry the solvent, add 0.5ml of mixed water, add 10ml of water-saturated n-butanol, ultrasonic treatment for 30min, extract the supernatant, and add 3 times the amount of ammonia test solution, the mixture was shaken and layered, and the upper layer was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved by adding 1ml of methanol, and used as a test solution. Preparation of control solution: ginsenoside Rb1, Re, Rg1, and methanol were added to prepare a mixed solution containing 2mg each per 1ml as a control solution. 1-2 μl of each of the above three kinds of solution, respectively, on the same silica gel G thin plate (thickness 0.5), with chloroform-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (15:40:22:10) the lower layer solution placed below 10 ° C. Was used as a developing solvent, which was developed, taken out to dry, sprayed with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, baked at 105 ° C. For several minutes, and placed under sunlight and ultraviolet lamp (365nm) for inspection. In the chromatogram of the test article, spots of the same color or fluorescent spots are displayed at positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control solution, respectively. |
| medicinal material quality | This product is the dried root of the Araliaceae plant ginseng Panax ginsen C. A. Mey. The cultivated person is "garden ginseng", and The Wild One is "mountain ginseng". The Garden ginseng is dried or dried in the sun, and is called "Raw ginseng". Identification of traits: the roots of fresh sun-cured ginseng were in the shape of spout or cylindrical, 3 ~ 15cm in length and 1 ~ 2cm in diameter. The surface is gray-yellow, with shallow and intermittent thick and obvious vertical wrinkles in the upper part or all, with 2-3 branches in the lower part, with most elongated fibrous roots, there were small verrucous protrusions on fibrous roots. The rhizome (rhizome) was 1~0.3 in length, 0.5 ~ in diameter, with multiple bending, with adventitious roots and sparse concave stem marks (Lu Bowl). The material is relatively hard, with light yellow-white and pink cross-section. The cambium is ring-brown in color, with yellow-brown punctiform resin channels and flat fissures in the skin. Specific flavor; Slightly bitter taste. The main root and rhizome of ginseng are equal or short in length, herringbone or cylindrical, 2 ~ 10cm in length. The surface is gray-yellow, with vertical wrinkles, and the upper part has clear fine spiral lines. The root was long and thin, clear, without confusion, with obvious verrucous protuberances and slender rhizomes, with dense stem marks in the upper part. The adventitious root was thick and similar to jujube nucleus. Microscopic identification: the transverse section of the wood embolus layer is a series of brown wood embolus cells, the inner part of which is a series of embolus cells. Lateral phloem rays often have radial fissures, and can be seen in the decay of the sieve tube tissue, the inner phloem cells are small and closely arranged. In each phloem bundle, there are 3~5 radial sparse rows of resin channels, the whole main root resin channels are sparse and annularly arranged into 3~5 layers, and the resin channels contain golden yellow or brown resin aggregates, there are several surrounding secretory cells. The layers are formed into rings. Wood rays were broad, and Xylem was narrow. The catheters were mostly in single row, with sparse arrangement in radial direction. This product contains most fine starch grains in the parenchyma cells. Calcium oxalate clusters exist in the inner layer of the embolus and wood parenchyma cells and wood rays. The powder was pale yellow in color. Resin channel fragment, 34~60~110 μm in inner diameter, containing golden yellow or brownish yellow resin mass; Calcium oxalate cluster Crystal, 20~68 μm in diameter, with sharp edges and sharp corners, single Grain is spherical, with diameter of 2~20 μm, umbilicus-point-like, Lacuna-like or trigeminal-like; Multiple grains are composed of 2~6 divided grains; Wood Bolt cells are square or polygonal, with thin wall, fine wave bending; The conduit is more common in the shape of mesh and ladder, and the diameter of the threaded conduit is 17~50 μm. If mixed with Reed head part, it is still visible long and thin wood fiber, width 10~18~26 μm, wall thickness, wood, there are most prismatic striae. |
| toxicity and toxicology | Modern studies have demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity of ginseng. The acute LD50 of oral ginseng powder in mice was more than 5 g/kg, and the acute LD50 of subcutaneous injection of ginseng extract was 16.5 mg/kg. Mice oral ginseng 100~500 mg/kg, no abnormal for a month. Oral administration of 3% ginseng tincture 100, only mild anxiety and excitement, such as oral more than 200 ginseng tincture or larger doses of ginseng powder, can cause poisoning, rose rash, itching, Head Pain, dizziness, elevated body temperature and bleeding and other phenomena. Large doses of ginseng can inhibit myocardial contractility, blood pressure decreased significantly, there is a role in reducing blood sugar. Ginseng extract ginseng Ning injection into the body of the frog, found that the frog breathing reduced, and fell into a general state of paralysis, and finally the emergence of brucine-like spasm and death. Test in a small number of mice were excited, large doses of reverse paralysis. Try in the isolated heart of the frog, a small amount can improve its function, a large number of reverse paralysis, in advance after the use of atropine to inhibit the vagus nerve, and then use it still has the above effect. There was a report of death caused by oral administration of 500 of ginseng root tincture. In addition, there is a report that a newborn takes 0.6 to 0.9g of ginseng as strong and causes toxic death on the first day of life. The toxic part of ginseng is its root and stem, and the poison is classified into terpenoids and Glycosides. The toxic components are Panacen, Panaquillon, ginseng glycosides (Panaxin), ginseng saponin (Danax Sapogenol). |
| clinical efficacy | ginseng is sweet, slightly bitter and flat. The patient was able to make up the vital qi, and was able to recover the abdominal veins and relieve the body. The spleen and lung were replenished. It is used for body deficiency to take off, limbs cold pulse micro, spleen deficiency food less, lung deficiency wheezing cough, thirst, internal heat thirst, long illness virtual win, palpitation Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, impotence Palace cold; Heart failure, cardiogenic shock. For the treatment of malignant tumors, hepatitis (ginseng polysaccharide), asthma, hypertension and atherosclerosis, neurasthenia, diabetes, anemia, hyperlipidemia in the elderly, enuresis, high altitude reaction, latent Keshan disease, first aid for leukemia and critical illness. |
| Application Overview | ginseng is a traditional "superior" traditional Chinese medicine in China, which is widely used as a tonic and strong medicine, its single or compound preparations in China's pharmacopoeia and the Ministry of standards in many records, such as "ginseng big pill", "ginseng deer pill" and a single component of "Ginsenoside tablets, recently Chinese scientists from ginseng in the preparation of anticancer drugs" Rg3 ginseng capsule ". In foreign countries, ginseng is also one of the most popular plant tonic, the German Sanoreform/poehlmann company has been the production of the old add power tablets (Geririt), used to enhance strength, anti-aging; its extract is also made into a variety of different specifications of the dip, Soft Capsules, capsules, such as Sports ginsen R capsules, ginsen phytosomeR Soft Capsules, while Ginseng extract is also used in beverages, such as Power coffee R/standardized ginsen beverage, is an ideal natural energy-promoting beverage. |
Last Update：2024-04-09 21:32:10
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